Narrative Overview

AlTaher, B. B. (2019). Ethnocentric and class barriers: Discrimination against domestic workers in the Middle East. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(3), 396–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1646519

Andres, J. E. (2009). The Raiding of the Pearl: The Effects of Trade Liberalization on Philippine Labor Migration, and the Filipino Migrant Worker’s Experience. Rutgers Race and the Law Review.

Congress of the Philippines (2021). Republic Act No. 11641

Ghaddar, A., Khandaqji, S., & Ghattas, J. (2020). Justifying abuse of women migrant domestic workers in Lebanon: The opinion of recruitment agencies. SESPAS, 34(5), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.11.001

Green, O., & Ayalon, L. (2018). Violations of workers’ rights and exposure to work-related abuse of live-in migrant and live-out local home care workers – a preliminary study: Implications for health policy and practice. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 7(32). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-018-0224-1

Henderson, S. (2020). State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 26(12–13), 1598–1615. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1177/1077801219880969

Johnson, M. (2011). Freelancing in the Kingdom: Filipino Migrant Domestic Workers Crafting Agency in Saudi Arabia*. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 20.

Kouta, C., Pithara, C., Apostolidou, Z., Zobnina, A., Christodoulou, J., Papadakaki, M., & Chliaoutakis, J. (2021). A Qualitative Study of Female Migrant Domestic Workers’ Experiences of and Responses to Work-Based Sexual Violence in Cyprus. Sexes, 2, 315–330. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030025

Naufal, G., & Malit Jr., F. (2018). Exploitation and the Decision to Migrate: The Role of Abuse and Unfavorable Working Conditions in Filipina Domestic Workers’ Desire to Return Abroad. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics, 11677, 2–35.

Silvey, R., & Parreñas, R. (2020). Precarity chains: Cycles of domestic worker migration from Southeast Asia to the Middle East. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(16), 3457–3471. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592398

Urbano, R. (2011). Global Justice and the Plight of Filipino Domestic Migrant Workers. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(6), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/002

Remember Her Name

Falconer, R. (2015, March 17). 'My employer hit me in the face and pushed me down the stairs'; Filipina migrant maids report most abuse in the Middle East, and Saudi Arabia in particular, where exploitation thrives. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5FHW-X931-F021-628B-00000-00&context=1516831.

Gomez, J. (2018, March 2). Slain Filipina in freezer shows risks to overseas workers; Slain Filipina in freezer shows risks to overseas workers. The Canadian Press. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from Slain Filipina in freezer shows risks to overseas workersSlain Filipina in freezer shows risks to overseas workers. https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5RSD-V4W1-JBVR-347M-00000-00&context=1516831.

McQue, K. (2021, September 4). Where's Edelyn? The search for the Filipina maid who vanished in Saudi Arabia. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:63HV-2531-JBNF-W42Y-00000-00&context=1516831.

Redfern, C. (2021, January 27). 'I want to go home': Filipina domestic workers face exploitative conditions. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:61VW-KST1-DY4H-K3MC-00000-00&context=1516831.

The Kafala System

AlTaher, B. B. (2019). Ethnocentric and class barriers: Discrimination against domestic workers in the Middle East. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(3), 396–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1646519

Ghaddar, A., Khandaqji, S., & Ghattas, J. (2020). Justifying abuse of women migrant domestic workers in Lebanon: The opinion of recruitment agencies. SESPAS, 34(5), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.11.001

Goodliffe, J., & Hawkins, D. G. (2006). Explaining Commitment: States and the Convention against Torture. The Journal of Politics, 68(2), 358–371.

Green, O., & Ayalon, L. (2018). Violations of workers’ rights and exposure to work-related abuse of live-in migrant and live-out local home care workers – a preliminary study: Implications for health policy and practice. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 7(32). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-018-0224-1

Henderson, S. (2020). State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 26(12–13), 1598–1615. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1177/1077801219880969

Human Rights Watch. (2020, November 4). Qatar: Significant labor and Kafala Reforms. Retrieved November 26, 2022, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/24/qatar-significant-labor-and-kafala-reforms

Johnson, M. (2011). Freelancing in the Kingdom: Filipino Migrant Domestic Workers Crafting Agency in Saudi Arabia*. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 20.

Migrant Forum in Asia. (2012). Policy brief no. 2: Reform of the Kafala (sponsorship) system. Policy Brief No. 2 (2012) | Reform of the Kafala (Sponsorship) System. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/docs/132/PB2.pdf

Robinson, K. (2022). What is the Kafala System? Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-kafala-system

How is the Filipino Government Protecting Filipina Migrant Domestic Workers?

Henderson, S. (2020). State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 26(12–13), 1598–1615. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1177/1077801219880969

Falconer, R. (2015, March 17). 'My employer hit me in the face and pushed me down the stairs'; Filipina migrant maids report most abuse in the Middle East, and Saudi Arabia in particular, where exploitation thrives. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5FHW-X931-F021-628B-00000-00&context=1516831.

OWWA Member. (2021, September 20). How to apply Owwa Pre-Departure Education Program. OWWA Member. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://owwamember.com/pre-departure-education/#Country_Specific_Pre-Departure_Orientation_Seminar_PDOS

Redfern, C. (2021, January 27). 'I want to go home': Filipina domestic workers face exploitative conditions. The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:61VW-KST1-DY4H-K3MC-00000-00&context=1516831.

Images

All photographs have been taken by me during different trips to the Philippines.